Detailed explanation of various jade categories

1. Bloodstone Bloodstone is opaque, less dry and lighter in texture. Its color is more monotonous, and it is more common in gray and white, and there are also a few black and multicolor associated. In general, it belongs to hard bloodstone. This kind of blood stone is hard to engrave and is a low-grade product, but one of the varieties known as “leather blood” is a mid-range or mid-range product. This species is characterized by a bright \ \ blood on the surface of the hard, forming a single or double-sided \ chicken blood \ thin skin, it is commonly known as \ skin blood \. According to years of production, the harder the texture is, the more associated the chicken blood is, the more it gets darker, and the less likely it is to fade. Good skin blood is an excellent material for making handicrafts and antique ornaments. In addition, there are hard, grey, yellow, black, brown and other hard-colored bloodstone.

The hardness of stone stone is high. From the 1980s onwards, with the development of stone carving craftsmanship and changes in the technical requirements for bloodstone, it has been gradually valued and exploited by people. Among them, there are a few valuable treasures. This type of heliotrope is similar in color to a few varieties of soft and frozen heliotrope, but differs only in the composition of the stone composition, resulting in a difference in hardness and transparency. The main components are aggregates of cinnabar and weak or strongly siliceous dikasite, kaolinite, alunite, siliceous components and fine-grained quartz, which are generally divided into two groups. One kind of partial quality is finer, jadey, opaque, and slightly transparent, making it easier for people to accept. Those with good quality are similar to soft stone, but the biggest weakness is that the stone is brittle and easily broken, especially in the case of heat and shock. The other type is mainly brownish yellow and light red, and most of them are not suitable for carving. Generally, they are slightly processed to provide natural beauty for viewing.

Soft stone is made of colorful soft stone, and its transparency and gloss are not as good as those of frozen bloodstone. However, many varieties of blood color, blood shape and color rich texture are combined to form a beautiful pattern, but they are better than Frozen chicken blood stone. It is the most common type of bloodstone, with production accounting for about 60%. This type of soapstone is composed of cinnabar and dickite, kaolinite and a small amount of alum, quartz fine particles, with a certain waxy luster, hardness of 3 to 4, opaque or partially micro-transparent.

Frozen heliotrope is the elite of bloodstone, and it has always been the main goal pursued by people and the main object of exploitation. Many famous products and treasures are from this species. The composition of frozen heliotrope is a natural assemblage composed of cinnabar, dickite, and kaolinite, with a hardness of 2 to 3, slightly transparent to transparent, and strong waxy luster.

Soft color stone is the most abundant stone in Changhua Stone. Its distinctive personality is colorful and varied. Some realistic and strange seals often come from soft colored stones. Some of them can best reflect the works of Changhua Stone carving styles. They are often selected from soft colored stones. Some soft colored stones with unique colors often become targets pursued by collectors. It is full of changes in color, pattern, or like people, animals, or like flowers and birds, fish and insects, or like mountains and rivers, pavilions, or like an abstract drawing, lifelike, amazing. The biggest sign of soft stone differing from frozen stone is that it is opaque or only slightly transparent, and some varieties are slightly inferior in luster. However, their color length makes up for their lack of transparency and glossiness. Some of them are moist and rich in texture. The featured variety is even better than the frozen stone.

Origin of soft stone is called soft jade. Its main components are dickite and kaolinite, containing a small amount of alum and quartz, hardness of 3 to 4, and a certain degree of waxy luster. Soft-colored stone is the most common type of Changhua Stone, and its output accounts for about 50% of Chang-Feng Stone.

Frozen stone is the best texture of Changhua Stone, its visual characteristics are clear, crystal, fine, transparent to slightly transparent, with a strong waxy luster. The main components of the frozen stone are composed of dickite and kaolinite, which are mostly pure. Frozen stone, the general hardness of 2 to 3, easy to knife when carving. According to the color, it is divided into two types: monochromatic freezing and multi-color freezing, and it is better to use monochromatic freezing. Frozen stone is often scattered in other surrounding rocks, some are small lumps of ovum, clear boundaries with other ores, large frozen stone is rare.

2. Shoushan Shishoushan Stone is the most famous seal stone in China. It was named after Shoushan Township, the northern suburb of Fuzhou City, Fujian Province. It is the first of the "four series of seals." The main component of Shoushan Stone is clay mineral pyrophyllite. Due to a small amount of impurities in various metal elements, Shoushan Stone is rich in color and its hardness is higher than that of pure leaf pyrophyllite, which is 2 to 2.5 and the density is 2.65 to 2.90. This hardness makes it very suitable for knife carving, together with the delicate and soft stone, making the carved handicrafts have a very moist grease luster or waxy luster. Because of its subtle brittleness, the knife feels very good at the time of the knife, revealing a strong "gold and stone taste" and winning the love of gold stone sculptors.

Shoushan Stone has a very long history in China. From ancient times to the present, many varieties have been separated, but they can basically be classified into three types according to their places and their appearance, namely, "Tengkeng Stone", "Putting Stone" and "Shankeng Stone". The best quality of Tiankeng Stone.

Tiankeng Stone: It refers to the Shoushan Stone that is sporadically produced in paddy fields and is mostly produced in small pieces and in the shape of pebbles. There are white, yellow, red, black and other colors. According to the color, Tiankeng Stone can be generally divided into Tianhuang (also known as Huangtian), Pak Tin, Hongtian, Kuroda, Silver Wrapped (Tianhuang with white skin), Gold Wrapped Silver (Pak Tin with yellow skin) And other varieties, of which Tian Huang is the most precious, known as the "Stone Emperor". Translucent or more transparent Tian Huang, known as Tian Huang frozen, is the best of Tian Huang, the crown of Shoushan Stone. Field yellow stone is fine and smooth. It can be seen as the texture of screen grain in radish, commonly known as "radish pattern". The color is golden, orange and yellow. The production of Tianhuang is rare, and the price of high quality is several times higher than gold, often measured in millions. Many seals or handicrafts carved by Tian Huang have passed down a great deal of value or fame. For example, the famous Qianlong Imperial Three Chapters, which were passed to the last emperor's funeral by the emperors of the Five Dynasties, and the emperors of Xianfeng, who had once given impregnability to the aristocrats, were all made by Tian Huang. In addition to Tian Huang, red fields, gold wrapped silver, silver wrapped gold, etc. are rare and precious varieties, and their value is extremely high. The latter two are commonly used in their natural color of the skin-carved Qiao color bas-relief printed body, which has a profound flavor.

Puddle Stone: It refers to the Shoushan Stone produced in the Hangtou Mine to the south of Shoushan Township and is located at the source of the Xikengtou tributary of Shoushan Mountain, hence the name “Hengtou Stone”. High transparency, mostly translucent, near-transparency, and strong luster. Many of the "frozen" and "crystal" varieties in Shoushan Stone belong to this category. The so-called "frozen" refers to the delicate texture of translucent varieties. The so-called "crystal" refers to the near-transparent to transparent variety of the texture. The high quality varieties of puddle stones include crystal frozen, fish brain frozen, yellow frozen, peach frozen (white red dots), agate frozen, sky blue frozen, ring frozen (with bubble circle distribution), horns frozen (ink gray to Black), squid frozen (yellow gray), pit burrowing (which needs to be excavated from sandy soil in pit holes, translucent, often with radish lines and red bars), etc., mostly with color, transparency and pattern characteristics Named, well-known. High-quality frozen stone is also a valuable product in Shoushan Stone, which is also rare.

Shankeng Stone: As its name implies, it refers to the Shoushan Stone that was mined in the mountain pit surrounding Shoushan Township. Mainly distributed in Shoushan, Yueyang two township radius of more than ten kilometers. The varieties of Shankeng Stone are mainly named after the specific origin or even the pit. There are also those named after the texture, transparency and color. There are more than 70 species. Among the more famous varieties are Duchengkeng, Gaoshan Stone, Shanbodong Stone, Qijiangjiangshi, Dangyanglv, etc., which are named after the origin or pit. There are also bean green and Hibiscus stones named after the color or pattern characteristics. Other varieties. Shankeng Stone is currently the main source of Shoushan Stone, although the quality is not as good as Tiankeng and Shuikeng Stone, but there are also many high-quality jade materials. With Furong Stone best, during the reign of Emperor Guangxu, it was associated with Tian Huang and Changhua Bloodstone, and they were hailed as the “Stone Seals”. They were white, yellow, red and light blue, and the stone was moist and greasy.

3. Malachite Malachite is also an ancient jade. As a jade malachite, with a dense and delicate texture, bright green, beautiful strips and concentric ring pattern, it is obviously different from any other jade species. Because of its color pattern resembles a peacock tail feather, it is given a very beautiful name - Malachite.

Malachite is known in China as \green green \, \ green stone \. In the relics unearthed from the Shang and Zhou dynasties to the Warring States and the Warring States period in China, there are many jade blocks, jade beads, and even jade ornaments such as jade beads. Explain that our ancestors knew and loved the beauty of malachite thousands of years ago. Until today, the beautiful green of Malachite still symbolizes youth and auspiciousness, bringing eternal and spring feelings to people.

1. Characteristics of malachite The main component of malachite is copper carbonate (Cu2[CO3](OH)2), which is often galenoid, grape-like, kidney-shaped, crusty, concentric ring-shaped, or layered collective. Out. Its single crystal is very rare. Malachite hardness of 4 or so, the proportion of 3.9 to 4, refractive index 1.655 ~ 1.009, polishing mask silk shiny, opaque. Malachite has pale green, brilliant green (malachite) and dark green. Bands often consist of different shades of green and often concentric rings.

Malachite is opaque jade, and it is brittle and not tough enough. Because of the design and production of malachite products, the pursuit of fineness and exquisiteness should not be pursued, but the beauty of color and pattern should be mainly reflected. In general design, beautiful patterns are lighted out of large surfaces so that people can see their beauty at a glance.

Malachite cracks are very regular. It generally changes with color and is produced during malachite formation. Because the cracks are mostly hemispherical, the industry is called "Scorpion". This crack and pattern are closely linked and are not easily found. During the production process, part of the jade was often dropped in the production process, causing the product to stop halfway. Therefore, such cracks should be highly valued. Note that from the fracture point of view, no cracks, fracture flat or like shell-like; cracks, fractures often appear steps.

Malachite is brittle and it should try to avoid mechanical vibration or wrestling. In addition malachite is a carbonate mineral that reacts easily with acids and should avoid contact with any acidic material. In alkaline solutions, it can be etched brown, and care should be taken to protect it.

2. Malachite varieties Malachite is usually divided into the following varieties:

(1) Ordinary malachite: There is a certain block of dense blocks, with or without bands available, the bigger the block, the better.

(2) Malachite gem: Malachite single crystal, extremely rare.

(3) Malachite Opal: The processing of malachite with a fibrous structure and silky luster into an arc-shaped gemstone will result in a light band with the cat's eye effect, like wood, stone, or tiger's eye stone.

(4) Green malachite: refers to the block where malachite and azurite are combined together. As malachite is green, amethyst is dark blue or purple blue and processed into jade, which is very beautiful.

(5) Natural shape Malachite: No artificial carving is required, and its natural shape can be used as a display art.

3. Quality evaluation of malachite The quality of malachite is usually evaluated based on texture, color, and pattern. The highest quality malachite should be solid and dense stone with no cracks, no impurities, clear colors and clear patterns. Rich in change. The bigger the block, the better. The large pieces are used for large pieces of jade materials, such as sculptures of figures, Buddhas, bottles, and small screens. Small pieces are used for jewellery items such as ring tones, chicken hearts, hangings, necklaces and stamps. Malachite with loose structure or hole development cannot usually be used. If malachite is poor in color and luster, but the natural shape is strange, it can be used as an ornamental stone, and it has a higher value.

4. The origin of malachite There are many countries in the world that produce malachite, and its origin is related to copper mines. In the past, malachite was mainly from Medanoradansk in the Urals of the Soviet Union. Now mainly from Zambia, Zimbabwe, ****, the United States, Australia and Chile. China's most famous malachite origin is the Shiqin Copper Mine in Yangchun, Guangdong Province and the Tonglushan Copper Mine in Daye, Hubei Province. In addition, there are also malachite producing areas in Jiangxi and Yunnan.

4. Lan Tianyu Lan Tianyu is an ancient name jade. Records of beautiful jade produced by Lantian were recorded in Tang Dynasty and many ancient books. According to records, Tang Ming Huang had ordered the production of Lantian Green Jade to make a skeleton (a percussion instrument) for Yang Guixi. The name "Lantianyu" is also named after the country's production of Lantian Mountain in northern Xi'an. But later, probably due to the mining site was empty, the future generations could not find it. They doubted the “Lam Tin producing jade” and speculated that Lam Tin was only a jade distribution center, not a jade production site. In 1978, geologists discovered serpentinized marble jade in Lantian County, Shaanxi Province. Compared with the Han Dynasty and other unearthed cultural relics, geologists believe that it is highly likely that the ancient recorded Lantian jade. Although there is still controversy over whether the ancient Lantian jade is the current “Lantian jade”, most scholars, such as Zhou Nanquan and Yan Bingao, believe that the “Lam Tin jade” discovered today is the one described in ancient books such as Han Shu. Lan Tianyu.

In other words, the famous Lantian jade in ancient China was produced in Lantian, and its jade was serpentinized marble. Its main mineral composition is calcite, followed by serpentine. The color is white, but also yellow, beige, light green to green. Fine texture, cleanliness, good processing performance.

Nowadays, Lantian jade mined in Lantian County has been carved into a variety of handicrafts, such as tea sets, wine sets, and jade pillows, jade bracelets and fitness balls, which are sold throughout the country. Many foreign investors are also attracted to purchase.

5. Lingyu Yuling Yuyu, named after Lingbi County in Anhui Province, is one of the famous jades in Chinese history. It is a carbonate rock in the Proterozoic strata, ie limestone or dolomitic limestone. . Its hardness is 3~4, density about 2.73. Good processing and polishing performance.

According to the characteristics of the pattern and color, it can be divided into many varieties. The most famous ones are red snails, gray snails, and hollyhock stones. Red Locust and Grey Locust are trace fossils of plant groups such as blue-green algae, geologically known as stromatolites. According to different cross-sections, it is deeply loved by people for its waveforms, circles and other shapes and colors. Jiyun stone is a fine dense (cryptocrystalline) limestone containing metal minerals and organic matter.