The shape of the jade in the Qing Dynasty is unconventional. No matter whether it is a bowl or a bowl, the round is round, the square is square, and the thickness is very uniform. Judging from the types of jade materials in the Qing Dynasty, white jade, sapphire, green white jade, topaz, jasper, and jade are many, and most of them come from Xinjiang. In the 27th year of Qianlong, Xinjiang was formally incorporated into the Qing Dynasty. Since then, Xinjiang's jade material has been controlled by the Qing government, and its government accounts for a large proportion of its mining, transportation and use. Of course, there is also a small amount of private trade. In the Qing Dynasty, Suzhou jade carvings and Yangzhou jade carvings developed very well. The government's control of jade materials was relatively loose, and it did not completely eliminate the private ownership.
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Xinjiang jade is mainly from two places, the Green Jade River and the Baiyu River. In the Spring And Autumn, the government hires locals to go to the river or to mine jade. The large jade materials are all pulled by the carriages in the winter on the ground, and the small jade materials are passed through the station. In addition to these jade materials, we also saw several special two-color, part of which is white jade, part of which is jade; some of the jade is green, but very few.
Jade function
The first category is jade with ritual system, which can be traced back to the Neolithic Age. When it came to the Qing Dynasty, it was more 玺, 册, and treasure.
The second category is religious jade, like Buddhist instruments, seven treasures, eight treasures, five offerings or beads. The largest category in the jade wares of the Qing Dynasty was the furnishings. At that time, the jade wares could be seen everywhere in the Forbidden City. There are many kinds of furnishings. These chens have some completely decorative things, and some have some practical functions. The fourth part is to enjoy the treasures, many of them are playing pieces, in addition to Duobao, the room jade is also here, it has practical functions, some are very simple, some are very delicate, similar to the play, the room In the Qing Dynasty, the development was the most complete, and the Qing Dynasty's stationery supplies were the most popular. The other category is jade for clothing. The finger is something that was only available in the Qing Dynasty. The collar is also available in the Qing Dynasty. The costumes handed down in the Qing Dynasty are very jade and very rich in shape. The last one is daily use of jade, utensils like food, and utensils related to incense.
Jade shape
The shape of the jade in the Qing Dynasty is unconventional. No matter whether it is a bowl or a bowl, the round is round, the square is square, and the thickness is very uniform. The other is realism, regardless of characters, animals or flowers, and the proportion is very harmonious, which is difficult to achieve in the jade of the previous generation. Therefore, at that time, it was said that "Qianlonggong" had a head start and indeed did a good job in all aspects.
Because there are antique utensils, some decorations are antique, like animal face, thunder and so on. There are also artistic and poetic themes, such as moving a certain landscape painting from ancient times onto the jade, which is very much in the bottle or on the mountain. The common theme of poetry is the Chibi Fu, who reflected the artistic conception described in the front and rear Chibi to the jade. Or a poem of the ancients, showing the artistic conception of poetry with tangible things. There is also a large category of auspicious subjects. Taiping has elephants, and immediately seals Hou, and Jiqing has more than one. It is combined with the prosperity of future generations and the morals of high officials. The other is the theme of foreign decoration, such as some decorations borrowed from the Mughal dynasty or the Islamic region of India.
In the Qing Dynasty, the processing techniques were all in the previous generations, such as carvings, round carvings, bas-reliefs, and high reliefs, but the Qing Dynasty was more regular and clearer. In addition, it is a pretty color, and it is designed by using two or more colors of jade itself. There is also dyeing, one is for the antique meaning, so that the jade looks antique, but also to cover the jade itself, such as dyeing or baking in the cracked place. Amber is also one of them. The mosaic of jade articles in the Qing Dynasty is very characteristic. We only see one or two occasionally in the Ming Dynasty. This practice of embedding other colored stones on the jade surface should be related to the Indian craftsmanship, and it has appeared in the Ming Dynasty, but only in There was no promotion in the Ming Dynasty.
Jade antique
Qing Dynasty jade antiques, a big category is the imitation of Shang Zhou bronze. Secondly, it is imitation of the predecessor jade, like the decoration of the Han Dynasty, the decoration of the sword of the Han Dynasty, the sword, the sword, the sword, or other materials of the previous generation, like lacquerware, or pottery. There is also a sense of antiques, not in the styling or decoration on the antique, but in the ancient conception, this method of expression is completely absent. There is also a twilight, but also a kind of antique. Qianlong compiled the "Xi Qing Gu Jian" in the early days, and collected 1529 bronzes he had collected into it. The antique jade in the Qing Dynasty had some imitation bronzes. The prototypes were found from this, and of course some of the ancient jade maps of the predecessors. Or find the imitation object in the ancient artifact map.
Place of production of jade
At that time, the main production place of jade was the Qing Dynasty Office, and the second was the Ruyi Pavilion of the Qing Palace. Ruyi Museum is not specialized in jade, all kinds of categories, and the selection of the best craftsmen, the best things to do in the Ruyi Pavilion, in addition, Suzhou and Yangzhou also undertake a large part of the Qing Dynasty jade production, Suzhou production is usually based on small pieces, and it is very elaborate. Yangzhou mainly makes large pieces, like Da Yushan.
Islamic jade
There is also a jade category in the Qing Dynasty, which is an Islamic jade. After Xinjiang’s income in China, exchanges with Central Asia and West Asia opened. At that time, the Mughal dynasty in India was relatively fading and split into various kingdoms, which was slightly inferior to the Qing Dynasty in the Qianlong era. The Qianlong Emperor especially liked the jade, and some jade articles of the Mughal royal family, including Central Asia and West Asia, were introduced into the Qing Palace. At that time, things like Islamic jade appeared.
The Islamic jade collection in the Forbidden City consists of several parts, namely the Jade Jade, the Indian Jade and the Turkish Jade.
The Jadeite in Central Asia was developed during the Timur Dynasty established by the descendants of Mongolia. The jade articles in Central Asia usually choose jasper or ink jade, and the color is relatively deep. Some Western scholars believe that it is related to the Mongolian people who want to convey brave and strong personality. Central Asia and West Asia, including the Indian region, are very popular in the surface of jade inlaid with gold or precious stones, because the nomads are more advocating gold, but also to cover the impureness of the jade itself. Usually, if the material is good, there is no need to inlay anything, and the texture of the material itself can be fully expressed.
The jade handle is made in India and Central Asia very much, not only the real thing that is circulated, but also the literature. Because the people in that area were very strong at the time, the handle and belt were the iconic decorations for men. In the Qing Dynasty, there were a large number of jade handles from the current Kashmir, Nepal, Afghanistan and other places. Qianlong completely removed the original iron parts, and used its handle, and then cast iron, and made many swords and swords. It is now circulated that Qianlong’s sword with a tribute of jade handle has 60 handles. He gave each sword a name and compiled a thousand-character number. This hilt is something unique to the Islamic region.
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