In recent years, nanotechnology has been developed vigorously. This is a top-down technique that helps us understand the composition of macromolecules from the properties and composition of atoms. Such technology allows one to control the composition and performance of the product from the intended use. Non-woven materials play an important role in the development of nanotechnology. As early as 1934, the classic cellulose acetate spinning patent was patented. Compared to the 1959 Nobel Prize winner Richard Feynman, it was regarded as the origin of nanotechnology. "There is more space waiting for excavation." A lot.
Nanotechnology was first used in the electronics industry. For the textile industry, nanotechnology is developing relatively slowly. Even now, there are only a few related products on the market. Among them, Donaldson's nanofiber filter layer and Nano-Tex's new anti-overflow material are products with high penetration rate on the market. According to Donaldson's Young Chung, about one-third of Donaldson's products contain nanomaterials more or less. Today, there are more than 100 academic or industrial research institutions around the world dedicated to nanotechnology research in fibers, textiles, and polymers. Government agencies around the world have invested heavily in nanotechnology. According to statistics from international research organizations, investment in nanotechnology research in 2005 exceeded $4 billion. The United States, the European Union and Japan are leaders in the industry. On the website of the Science and Technology Information Organization, if you search for “nanofiber”, you will find that a total of 2015 related articles have been published since 1992. Global nanotechnology is evolving through a growing number of papers and patents. This article will discuss some of the relevant development issues related to nanotechnology in fiber and textile applications.


What is nanofiber?
In recent years, researchers have developed fiber materials with large surface area, high adaptability, high gas permeability, high water absorption, light weight, elastic modulus and versatility, and these materials are already on the market. Reflects its commercial value. These nanofibers can be used in the manufacture of filter layers, protective barriers for chemically toxic materials, tissue scaffolds and many other advanced industrial applications. Generally, nanofibers have a diameter between 100 and 500 nanometers.
In 1934, Anton Formhals invented the production of artificial wires by electrospinning, which is the precursor to the manufacture of non-woven nanofibers by electrospinning today. The so-called electrospinning is a method in which a polymer solution is produced into a charged spinning wire in a strong voltage environment by evaporating a solvent capable of producing nanofiber filaments. Strictly speaking, nanofibers are non-woven filaments composed of submicron fibers. Various natural, synthetic and biodegradable polymers can be produced into various types of nanowires by electrospinning according to different needs. In the 1990s, due to the outstanding work of Professor Darrell Reneker of Akron University, the research on electrospinning has made a qualitative leap. In 1995 Jayesh Doshi and Reneker co-authored an excellent paper with their findings. Later, Professor Doshi pioneered a nanotechnology company, Espin Technoligies, in Chattanooga, Tennessee, specializing in the production of nanofibers for commercial use by electrospinning various polymers.
The MIT (Massachusetts) Gregory Rutledge team also laid the foundation for electrospinning technology. The team found the diameter of the tip of the spinner, which is the diameter of the fiber woven from any polymer.

Nanofibers and Military Uses In addition to being a filter layer, nanofibers are gaining more and more attention in military research and development due to their inherent ability to prevent chemical and biological weapons. It can prevent the soldiers from being invaded by the toxic gas in the war, and at the same time has certain comfort. The nanofiber layer material is a very promising material. In addition to the characteristics of light weight and good gas permeability, the biochemical clothing equipment with nanofiber layer can also achieve anti-gas, venom and poisonous mist by adding various chemical auxiliary materials.
Professor Heidi Schreuder-Gibson and Professor Phil Gibson of the NATICK military base in the United States have achieved great results in how to use nanofibers and nanoparticles to manufacture protective clothing through cooperation with government, industrial organizations and other academic partners. For example, their research projects include electrospinning thermoplastic elastomeric polyurethanes, which produce materials that are not only highly elastic but also have very good strength without any further processing. They are currently developing and experimenting with how to make melt-jet and electrospun yarns by mixing nano-anti-alumina and titanium oxide. In addition, it is necessary to add various mixtures to the fabric while maintaining the fabric itself. Purity.
The addition of various properties to nanofiber filaments by the addition of ancillary materials enhances the use of nanofiber filaments. Nanofiber filaments embedded in metal oxides can catalyze the reaction of organophosphorus chemical media. Recently, Texas Tech University has successfully developed how to embed nano-magnesia (MgO) in polymer fibers. That is, it is completely feasible to place the nanoparticles on the surface of the fiber during very tightly controlled operations. Through this step, the resulting fiber has the strongest chemical effect for anti-virus purposes. This electrospinning technique has been put to practical use in the development of honeycomb filter laminated polyurethane nanowires. These filter layers greatly enhance the filterability due to the stronger capture function of the nanoparticle mesh itself.
The research team of Singapore International University (NUS) Professor Seeram Ramakreishna and the Singapore Defense Science and Technology Agency (DSTA) are working on a collaboration on the development of biochemical protective nanofiber masks. According to research by NUS scientists, nanofiber filaments can replace the activated carbon in masks to capture toxic components in the air. They decompose chemical toxins by embedding nano-metal particles and cyclodextrin into nanofibers. This achievement has achieved initial success in the chemical battle of paraoxon. Their ultimate goal is to develop a washable, durable, nanofiber-containing military garment.
At the same time, Professor Rutledge of MIT and his colleagues also studied how to enhance the water repellency of nanofiber silk fabrics during electrospinning under the action of fabric surface chemistry and topology. These water-repellent nanowire products can be used as protective clothing and biomedicine.
Similarly, Dr. Gajanan Bhat of the TANDEC Division of the University of Tennessee in Knoxville and Dr. Raj of the Dallas CHK Group are also working on the addition of nanoparticles MN(VII) oxide (M-7-O agent) to nonwoven fabrics. Cooperate to make the fabric protective. M-7-O is a very environmentally friendly and strong Lewis oxidant. According to Dr. Bhat, some of the advantages of these nonwoven fabrics are that they can be transported safely, can be manufactured in a variety of forms according to specific needs, and are also active materials that exclude toxins from chemical warfare and industrial chemical toxins.

Nanofibers and biomedical applications Cornell University professor Margaret Frey and her research team are working on the high surface and water affinity of biodegradable polymers, and the possibility of applying this to drug delivery, they Research projects also include the transmission of pesticides and the application of biosensors. Dr. Frey's research indicates that the high surface properties of nanofibers allow for more sensory active areas on a small area of ​​fabric.
Donaldson has been at the forefront of biomedical applications of nano-woven silk, which has been in the industry for more than two decades. Donaldson produced the Ultra-Web nanofiber filter layer in 1981 and developed a new nanofiber-based cell culture material and anti-spray garment. In 2002, Donaldson created a branch that focused on the production of new nanofibers and was working with other research departments and related companies to develop the expanded nanofiber market. Recently, Donaldson developed a three-dimensional cell culture medium that simulates a special cell matrix. Degradable nanofibers can be used as tissue scaffolds because of this similarity to the special cell matrix (ECM). These scaffolds enable closer proximity between cells and can therefore evolve into a three-dimensional tissue structure. Mechanical stability, biocompatibility, cell proliferation, and cell matrix interaction are several factors that determine nanofibers as a biomedical application.

Expansion and commercialization One of the reasons why electrospinning technology has not achieved significant commercial benefits and has been widely promoted is probably that there are not enough industrial-grade equipment supplies on the market. However, NanoStatics of Ohio has invented a new type of electrospinning technology that can be used to produce nanofibers and nanofiber-containing materials in large quantities to meet market demands.
According to NanoStatics, their production technology can produce nanofibers from 50 nanometers to 1000 nanometers in diameter. Nanowires can range in thickness from 100 nanometers to 200 microns. With electrospinning technology like this, the textile industry is likely to attract more important investments in nanofibers in the future.

Melt-spun nanofibers Melt-spun nanofibers with a diameter of nanometers have recently been the focus of discussion. Hills has invented a production method called "Island" to produce and develop nano-fused fibers of different diameters (from normal size to 250 nm). Hills claims that these fibers have a load-bearing capacity of up to 3 grams each and can be used to spin into materials for more applications. Hills has developed "island" type spunbond fabrics ranging in size from 2 to 0.3 microns. "Island" uses nanotube technology to produce and develop materials with diameters as small as 300 nanometers and thicknesses from 50 to 100 nanometers, and this technology has been patented. Hill's nanotube fiber materials can be used for chemical warfare protection, anti-drug, microfiltration, and subtle water pressure.

Carbon Nanotubes and Compositions In 1991, Sumio Ijima of the NEC Group Laboratory in Japan discovered multi-walled carbon nanotubes with a diameter of nanometers. The properties of nanotubes include light weight, high force, charge and temperature resistance. Scientists at the University of Texas' Dallas Division (UTD) Nanotechnology Division have collaborated with Australian CSIRO technicians to achieve breakthroughs in electrospun multi-walled carbon nanotube yarns. These yarns are strong, strong and have a particularly high elasticity and are adjustable in temperature and power. The researchers stated that these carbon nanotube yarns can be used to make "smart" garments that, for example, can store electrical energy, bulletproof, temperature and air permeability to provide the most comfortable state. Professor Ray Baughman and Dr. Mei Zhang from UTD developed multi-walled nanotube yarns in collaboration with Dr. Ken Atkinson of CSIRO, which is more economical than single-walled nanotube yarns. The researchers also produced transparent carbon nanotube sheets that were stronger than steel sheets of the same weight. These nanotube segments can be used in spotlights, low-noise electron detectors, artificial muscles, conductive circuits, and broadband polarized light sources that can convert tens of thousands per second.
Professor Satish Kumar of Georgia Tech uses single-walled, double-walled, and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and evaporatively grown carbon nanotubes to disperse different polymer matrices by polymerization, melting, and addition of solutions. Professor Kumar said that today's research has found that matrix systems include: p-phenylene benzo bisoxazole (PBO), polypropylene (PP), ethanolene (PVA), methyl methacrylate (PMMA) and polyacrylonitrile ( PAN) These synthetic systems have been processed into a variety of continuous fibers by conventional melt spinning and liquid spinning techniques. They have enhanced tension, high coefficient, chemical resistance, glass heat transfer and reduced temperature shrinkage. Polymer/carbon nanotubes can be used to produce porous nanofibers, nanowires and electrospun fine microcups.
GANK TANDEC's Gajanan Bhat combines nano-clay and polypropylene-fused fabrics. His research shows that each percentage increase in the toughness of nanoclay does not reduce the ductility.

The future of the atomic future of the nonwovens industry The development of nano-fuel cells that can use non-woven materials is just around the corner. ACON, a technology and business consultancy in Zurich, Switzerland, points out that by 2015 the value of the global nanotechnology market will reach $900 billion. In this business opportunity, the nonwovens industry and the entire textile industry should strengthen their market share by studying more different and value-added methods of using nanotechnology. The use of nanotechnology is tantamount to the above-mentioned behavior. . Douglas Mulhall said in his book, Our Future of Molecules, that the control of the atomic stage will affect the future and things as big as our planet. Will nanotechnology affect the nonwovens industry? The synergy between scientific research and industrial development will create a win-win situation for the molecular future of the nonwovens industry!

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